(a) Nephrotomy (placement of drainage tubes).(b) Biopsy of prostrate, bladder or urethra.(c) Cystolithotomy (surgical removal of stone(s) from the bladder).(d) Cystolitholapaxy (cystoscopic crushing and removal of bladder stone(s)).(e) Cystostomy (placement of tube into the bladder).(f) Urethrotomy (incision of the urethra).(g) Diverticulectomy of the bladder (removal of outpouching of the bladder).(h) Diverticulectomy or diverticulotomy of the urethra (repair or drainage of outpouching of the urethra).(i) Lithotripsy (sound wave removal of stones from kidney and ureter).